ABSTRACT
Umbilical cord is the connecting link between the foetus and the placenta through which foetal blood flows to and from the placenta. It extends from the foetal umbilicus to the foetal surface of the placenta. Excessively long cords are linked with cord entanglement. Nuchal cord occurs when umbilical cord gets wrapped around foetal neck 3600. Single loop around neck is reported in 20-34% cases. Cord compression is one of the postulated factors for birth asphyxia. It has become a cause of concern for rising primary C Section rate. We wanted to determine the actual threat nuchal cord poses to the mother as well as to the foetus and identify various factors which should be considered for safe delivery in these patients. METHODSThis study was conducted in the Department of Health and Medical Education, Sub-District Hospital, Akhnoor, J & K. We included 100 cases in the test group in which nuchal cord was identified during delivery, delivered either vaginally or by C section. These cases were compared with 100 controls delivered without nuchal cord. We had to observe 462 patients for finding out 100 cases. Incidence of nuchal cord in our study is 21.64%. Patients profile was noted on proforma and various variables were compared such as age, parity, gestational age, mode of delivery, duration of labour, length of cord, number of loops and prior USG detection of cord were noted in every case. Foetal outcome as observed in terms of gender, birth weight and Apgar score was recorded. RESULTSMost of the patients belonged to the age group 21-25 years with a mean age of 25.56 years. Incidence of nuchal cord is 21.64%. As the number of turns increased, incidence fell progressively, but as the number of loops increased length of cord also increased. Only 36 loops were pre detected on USG. Maximum number of patients had normal vaginal delivery in both groups, but the rate of C section was higher in test group and difference was statistically significant (0.028). When variables of newborn were compared, no significant difference was seen in sex and weight of the baby. Meconium stained liquor was more in nuchal cord group and although low Apgar score was more in nuchal cord group, the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONSNuchal cord is a common feature observed during delivery and is seen almost in 20-25% cases. Ante natal diagnosis of nuchal cord is possible with USG and colour doppler imaging. Elective C section for nuchal cord is a wrong practice. Patients should be assessed holistically including age, parity, gestational age, Bishop score and signs of foetal distress. Vigilant ante partum and intra partum monitoring is required in every case. Nuchal cord is potential cause of perinatal distress and rarely significant long-term neurodevelopmental consequences are seen in the foetus.
ABSTRACT
Background: A decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) shows chronic kidney disease (CKD). It may develop any structural or functional renal abnormalities. Methods: 140 total number of cases were included. This study was conducted in the Department of Pathology in Krishna Mohan Medical College & Hospital, Mathura, U.P, India. Result: The mean fasting blood sugar was 133.29 ± 12.63; the mean Post prandial blood sugar was 155.82 ± 12.56. The mean Hb1Ac were 6.16 ± 1.36 and serum creatinine was 3.76 ± 1.36 mg/dl. Finally, the mean hemoglobin for the whole sample was 10.74 ± 2.17 gm%. Conclusion: This study concludes that in future one could carried out research on large sample size along with a matched control group, simultaneous assessment of other biochemical parameters, and burden of various other metabolic for better results.
ABSTRACT
Background: Cardiovascular disease is rising day by day due to having high fat diet and due to genetic alterations. Materials & Methods: Study included 70 CVD patients and their peripheral blood samples were collected for genotyping by venipuncture under aseptic condition in EDTA vials (2ml) as well as in serum vials (3ml) for biochemical parameters. Genomic DNA extraction was done by phenol chloroform method from blood samples collected in EDTA vials from cases as well as controls for genotype study. Results: The difference of genotype between cases and controls was found to be significant (p=0.0003). Study observed that high percentage of GA 29 (41.4%) and AA 8 (11.4%) genotype was found in patients compared to controls GA 10 (20%) and AA 0 (0%) while lower GG 33 (47.2%) genotype in patients compared to control GG 40 (80%) genotype. Compared to the GG genotype, the OR 3.51 (1.49-8.25) and 20.55 (1.14-369.6) for the heterozygous GA and homozygous AA genotypes were estimated, suggesting a possible dominant effect of Apo B polymorphism on CVD risk. In smokers, compared to the GG genotype, the OR 2.19 (0.69-6.88) and 1.71 (0.29-9.87) for the heterozygous GA and homozygous AA genotypes. In alcoholism, compared to the GG genotype, the OR 2.66 (0.93-7.57) and 8.4 (0.92-76.19) for the heterozygous GA and homozygous AA genotypes. Patients with mutant homozygous AA, heterozygous GA genotypes showed 123.3+14.34 (mg/dl) and 76.92+24.09 Apo B level in CVD patients compared to wild type GG homozygous genotypes were 70.82+17.12. Conclusion: It was observed that Apo B gene polymorphism and smoking behaviour found to be associated with increased risk of CVD in Indian population.
ABSTRACT
Introduction-Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease which still remains a serious public health problem due to its ability to cause disability. The prevention of leprosy ultimately lies in the early diagnosis and treatment of the individ-uals having leprosy. Changing leprosy scenario has led to requirement of leprosy education. However the knowledge of medical college students on leprosy remains unknown. Aim: To assess the post-sensitization knowledge and awareness of medical students after state leprosy sensitization program. Materials and methods: A questionnaire based, cross sectional study was conducted among 107 medical students of different years starting from 2ndyear and onwards in the month of July 2017 after state leprosy sensitization program. Results: Among the medical students 70 (75%) were male students and 37(25%) were female students coming from different years of their admission in med-icalcollege.Regardingthebasicknowledgeofleprosy100%of3ndyear and final year students were having knowledge about the cause of leprosy and 100% of final year and 3rdyear medical students know about other name of Leprosy (Hansen,s disease) respectively.100% of final year ,3rdyear and 2ndyear medical students had knowledge about multidrug therapy (MDT) in in-depth knowledge of leprosy respectively. Regarding the virulence of bacilli 87%, 60% and 63% of final, 3rd and 2nd year medical students had apt knowledge respectively. Conclusion-These observa-tions suggest that the basic and in-depth knowledge of medical students about cause, types, prevention and treat-ment etc. of leprosy shows increasing trend owing to the part of their curriculum. However there is still a need to organize sensitization programs at regular intervals to impart basic and in-depth knowledge to new medical stu-dents, as well as to update the knowledge of those who already had such sensitization programs.
ABSTRACT
L-deprenyl is considered to protect against age-related cognitive deficits by improving long-term learning/memory in the aged brain. The CA1 and CA3 hippocampal areas are the sites at which initial learning and memory processes occur. Chronic deprenyl treatment significantly augmented the basal electrical firing rate (multiple-unit action potentials),and Na+, K+-ATPase and protein kinase C activities of both CA1 and CA3 indicating that the drug increased the excitability of CA1 and CA3. The increase, however, was much greater in CA1 than in CA3 suggesting that deprenyl can improve longer term learning in aged animals by its excitability-enhancing action in CA1. The drug also countered the ageing-related loss of hippocampal protein kinase C activity.
ABSTRACT
Mullerian Duct abnormalities cause various congenital malformations in the female genital tract. These abnormalities have variable effects on pregnancy and its out come. Uterus didelphys and uterus pseudodidelphys are two extreme forms of these abnormalities which are rarely encountered in obstetrical practice. A young primigravida reported in labour and because of duplication of genital tract there was difficulty in the determination of stage of labour as well as diagnosis of labour. There was also problem associated with progress of labour and operative delivery. Same patient on a subsequent pregnancy reported with complications associated with presentation of foetus as well as preterm labour. This poses a diagnostic dialemma during labour. The insight into such an event can make us alert in diagnosis during such rare obstetrical encounters.
ABSTRACT
We report a 38 week old female fetus affected by Meckel-Gruber syndrome. Polycystic dysplastic kidneys, oligohydroamnios, symmetrical IUGR, hydrocephalus with Dandy-Walker cyst was observed on ultrasonographic (USG) examination. Small occipital encephalocele with polydactly was noted after delivery of child.